Как перезагрузить роутер TP-Link

Перезагрузка роутера это первое, что нужно сделать при возникновении неполадок с сетью. Довольно часто этого простого действия будет достаточно для того чтобы все начало работать так ка должно. В этом материале мы расскажем о том, как перезагрузить роутер TP-Link. Читать →

Майкл Доусон — "Программируем на Python", ответы на задания 3-ой главы…

Майкл Доусон — Программируем на Python. Ответы на задания 3 главы.

Задание №1

  1. # Задание: Написать программу симулятор пирожка с "сюрпризом",
  2. #которая бы при запуске отображала один из пяти различных "сюрпризов",
  3. #выбранных случайным образом.
  4.  
  5. print("ttttДобрый вечер!")
  6. print("Вы, как 100-ый клиент за день, получаете пирожок с секретной начинкой!")
  7. print("У нас 5 секретных начинок, и мы не знаем какая вам достанется. Удачи!n")
  8.  
  9. import random
  10. stuffing = random.randint(1, 5)
  11. if stuffing == 1:
  12. print("Вам попалась начинка с рисом и яйцом! Поздравляю!")
  13.  
  14. elif stuffing == 2:
  15. print("Вам попалась начинка с курагой! Поздравляю!")
  16.  
  17. elif stuffing == 3:
  18. print("Вам попалась начинка с картошкой! Поздравляю!")
  19.  
  20. elif stuffing == 4:
  21. print("Вам попалась начинка с сосиской! Поздравляю!")
  22.  
  23. elif stuffing == 5:
  24. print("Вам попалась начинка с салатом! Поздравляю!")
  25.  
  26. else:
  27. print("Что-то сломалось наверное, приходите за призом завтра...")
  28.  
  29. input("Нажмите Enter, чтобы покинуть розыгрыш...")
  30.  

Задание №2

  1. #Дом. задание: Написать программу, которая бы "подбрасывала" условную монету
  2. #100 раз и сообщала, сколько раз выпала "решка" или "орел".
  3.  
  4. import random
  5. print("Сейчас программа 'подбросит' монетку и подсчитает сколько раз выпадет")
  6. print("'решка', или 'орел'.")
  7.  
  8. reshka = 0
  9. orel = 0
  10. kol_podbros = 0
  11.  
  12. while kol_podbros != 100:
  13. podbros = random.randint(1, 2)
  14.  
  15. if podbros == 1:
  16. orel += 1
  17. else:
  18. reshka += 1
  19. kol_podbros += 1
  20.  
  21. print("nОрлов выпало: ", orel)
  22. print("Решек выпало: ", reshka)

Задание №3

  1. # Игра "отгадай число"
  2.  
  3. import random
  4.  
  5. print("tДобро пожаловать в игру 'Отгадай число'!")
  6. print("Компьютер загадал натуральное число из диапазона от 1 до 100.")
  7. print("Вам нужно угадать его за максимум 5 попыток.n")
  8.  
  9. # Начальные значения
  10. the_number = random.randint(1, 100)
  11. guess = int(input("Ваше предположение: "))
  12. tries = 1
  13.  
  14. # Цикл отгадывания
  15. while guess != the_number:
  16. if guess > the_number:
  17. print("Меньше...")
  18. elif guess < the_number:
  19. print("Больше...")
  20. if guess > the_number and tries >= 6:
  21. print("Соберись, тряпка!")
  22. elif guess < the_number and tries >= 6:
  23. print("Неудачник!")
  24.  
  25. guess = int(input("nВаше предположение: "))
  26. tries += 1
  27.  
  28. print("nПоздравляю! Вам удалось отгадать число!")
  29. print("вы затратили всего лишь", tries, "попытки(ок)!")
  30. if tries >= 6:
  31. print("nВсего лишь", tries, "попытки(ок)), Карл?! Да ты издеваешься?")
  32.  
  33. input("nНажмите Enter, чтобы покинуть игру...")

Задание №4

  1. # coding=utf-8
  2.  
  3. print("tttЗдравствуй, игрок!")
  4. print("Тебе предстоить сыграть с компьютером в 'Числа'.")
  5. print("Надо загадать число от 1 до 100, а компьютер попытается отгадать его.")
  6. number = int(input("Введите загаданное число: "))
  7.  
  8. # Задаем начальные значения и задаем первую попытку угадывания, задействуя метод Хартли.
  9. # То есть делим интервал угадывания наполовину, чтобы быстрей добраться до искомого числа.
  10. computer_number = 50
  11. tries = 1
  12. low = 1
  13. high = 100
  14. print(computer_number)
  15.  
  16. # Цикл отгадывания
  17. while computer_number != number:
  18. if computer_number > number:
  19. high = computer_number    # Задаем загаданное число верхней границей интервала
  20. # Продолжаем делить полученный интервал наполовину.
  21. computer_number = computer_number - ((high-low)//2)
  22. print(computer_number)
  23. elif computer_number < number:
  24. low = computer_number    # Задаем загаданное число нижней границей интервала
  25. computer_number = computer_number + ((high-low)//2)
  26. print(computer_number)
  27. tries += 1
  28.  
  29. print("Компьютер потратил", tries, "попытки(ок) на отгадывание твоего числа.")
  30. input("nnНажмите Enter, чтобы выйти из программы...")

Автор: Alek Azimov

Mikrotik Router Basic Configuration Using Winbox

MikroTik is one of the most popular routers. MikroTik Router has a lot of networking services that help to build a stable and smooth network so easily. It is said that any ISP Company or any Enterprise Office cannot go a single day without MikroTik Router. So, system administrators who are not using MikroTik Router yet, they will soon start using MikroTik Router, I think. As a system administrator, I am also using MikroTik Router about 5 years in my network and really I have got a very stable and smooth network. MikroTik Router is mainly famous for bandwidth control service and packet filtering functionalities as well as cheap price. MikroTik Router is also favorite to any system administrator because of having graphical user interface (GUI) software named Winbox which helps to manage MikroTik Router so easily. As the usage of MikroTik Router is growing rapidly, this article is designed to show the basic configuration of a MikroTik Router from very beginning using Winbox software so that a new MikroTik Router user can easily configure his/her router from very starting and can operate his network smoothly.




Prerequisites to Configure a MikroTik Router




Before going to start basic configuration of a MikroTik Router you should have below the information.




  1. Basic knowledge on IP Addressing.
  2. A MikroTik RouterBoard or MikroTik RouterOS installed on a PC.
  3. Winbox Software.
  4. PC with windows operating system installed and RJ45 cables.




If you have the above requirements properly, you are now ready to start MikroTik router basic configuration. The rest of this article will show the step by step guide to configure a MikroTik Router from very beginning.






4 Easy Steps to Configure a MikroTik Router




MikroTik Router basic configuration includes assigning IP addresses, configuring default gateway and enabling NAT for accessing internet. MikroTik Router basic configuration can be divided into 4 steps.




  1. Assigning WAN and LAN IP addresses
  2. Gateway configuration
  3. NAT configuration and
  4. DNS configuration




Among the above 4 steps, first three steps are mandatory for accessing internet trough your MikroTik router and step 4 is optional but it must be done for proper MikroTik Router configuration.




To configure a MikroTik Router properly according to the above 4 steps, I am using the following information and a simple office network diagram where three users are connected to MikroTik Router through a network switch and the first interface of the router is connected to internet for accessing internet information.




  1. MikroTik RouterBoard 1100 AHX2
  2. WAN IP: 172.22.3.99/25 (ISP provided)
  3. Gateway: 172.22.3.1 (ISP provided)
  4. Public DNS: 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4
  5. LAN IP Network: 192.168.10.0/24 (Private IP block chosen by me)




Simple Office Network
Simple Office Network




According to our simple office network diagram, first interface (ether1 port) is connected to ISP internet and this interface is our WAN port. We will set our WAN IP (provided by ISP) in this interface. Second interface (ether2 port) is our LAN interface and we will set our LAN Gateway in this interface. The users of this network will be connected to MikroTik Router trough a switch for accessing internet. In practical, your network will not be so simple like this network diagram. You may have to maintain a large network where there may have hundred or thousand of users. But the basic configuration is same for all networks. However, we will now start our MikroTik Router basic configuration according to the above 4 steps and following our simple office network diagram.




Step 1: Assigning WAN and LAN IP Addresses




The first step to configure a MikroTik Router is to assign WAN and LAN IP addresses in WAN and LAN interface accordingly. The following steps will show how to assign WAN and LAN IP addresses in a new MikroTik Router.




  • Download Winbox or collect Winbox  from any source.
  • Connect your PC with MikroTik Router by a RJ45 cable.
  • Open winbox software in your operating system and click on Neighbors tab. Connected Ethernet’s MAC will appear in this tab. If you don’t find MAC Address, click on Refresh button. MAC address will appear soon. Click on the appeared MAC address and selected MAC address will be appeared in Connect To input box.
  • MikroTik Router default username is admin and password is blank. So, type admin in the login input box and password field left blank and then click on Connect button. MikroTik graphical user interface (GUI) will appear now.
  • Now click on Remove Configuration button if prompted or from Winbox go to System > Reset Configuration and click No Default Configuration and then click on Reset Configuration button to reset RouterOS. Router will be rebooted and login again and then you will find a zero configuration RouterOS.
  • Go to IP > Addresses menu item. Address List window will appear now. Click on PLUS SIGN (+). New Address window will appear. Put your WAN IP address (In this article: 172.22.3.99/25) which is provided by your ISP in Address input box and then select WAN interface (in this article: ether1) from the Interface drop-down menu and click Apply and then OK button.
  • Click PLUS SIGN (+) again and put LAN Gateway IP address (in this article: 192.168.10.1/24) in Address input box and choose LAN interface (in this article: ether2) from Interface drop-down menu and click Apply and OK button.




Assigning WAN and LAN IP Addresses
Assigning WAN and LAN IP Addresses




Assigning WAN and LAN IP addresses has been completed. We will assign MikroTik gateway which is provided by ISP so that MikroTik Router can communicate to internet through this gateway.




Step 2: Gateway Configuration




After completing WAN and LAN IP setup, we will now assign MikroTik default gateway which is provided by ISP. The following steps will show how to assign default gateway in MikroTik Router.




  • From Winbox, go to IP > Routes menu item. Route List window will appear now. You can see two dynamic routes are already added in this Route List. Click on PLUS SIGN (+). New Route window will appear. Now put gateway address (in this article: 172.22.3.1) which is provided by your ISP in Gateway input field.
  • Now click Apply and OK button.




Assigning Default Gateway IP
Assigning Default Gateway IP




MikroTik default gateway configuration has been completed. Now we will create NAT rule so that MikroTik Router can masquerade our LAN user IP to access internet.




Step 3: NAT Configuration




After completing gateway configuration, you have to create a NAT firewall rule to masquerade LAN IPs. Otherwise, LAN user cannot access internet through MikroTik Router. The following steps will show how to create masquerade firewall rule in MikroTik Router.




  • Go to IP > Firewall menu item and click on NAT tab and then click on PLUS SIGN (+) button. New NAT Rule window will appear.
  • From General tab, choose srcnat from Chain drop down menu and put LAN IP Block (in this article: 192.168.10.0/24) in Src. Address input box.
  • From Action tab, choose masquerade from Action drop down menu and then click Apply and OK button.




NAT Configuration in MikroTik RouterOS
NAT Configuration in MikroTik RouterOS




NAT configuration in MikroTik Router has been completed. if you do not create this NAT rule, your LAN user cannot access internet through MikroTik Router.




Three mandatory steps for configuring a new MikroTik RouterOS to access internet has been completed. LAN users are now able to access internet through Mikrotik Router if they use custom DNS server IP. But we will now configure DNS in MikroTik Router so that it can resolve DNS request as well as it can work as a DNS server.






Step 4: MikroTik DNS Configuration




After completing three mandatory configuration, we need to configure DNS in MikroTik Router so that it can resolve DNS request from the LAN user as well as itself. The following steps will show how to configure DNS in MikroTik RouterOS.




  • Go to IP > DNS menu item. DNS Settings window will appear. In this window, put DNS server address that you have got from ISP company or you can put Google public DNS IP (8.8.8.8) in Servers input box. You can put secondary DNS server IP by clicking add new value button (drop down button) located after the Servers input box. Optionally, you can turn MikroTik router as a DNS server. Turning MikroTik router as a DNS server is a better idea, I think. Because if you use public DNS server in your network, every DNS request of your user will consume your paid bandwidth. But if you turn MikroTik router as a DNS sever, your user will get DNS solution from MikroTik Router without consuming paid bandwidth. So, if you want to turn MikroTik into a DNS server, click the Allow Remote Requests check box and click Apply and OK button.
  • If you turn MikroTik Router into a DNS server, all MikroTik IP addresses can be used as a DNS server IP including WAN IP which is a public IP and problem will arise here. If anyone outside of your LAN use WAN IP as a DNS IP, your MikroTik will be happy by serving him/her DNS solution consuming your paid bandwidth. So, you must stop DNS request from outside of your LAN. For stopping DNS request from outside of your LAN, you should apply firewall rules which will drop all DNS requests coming from your WAN interface (in this article: ether1). For this, go to IP > Firewall menu item and click on Filter Rules tab and then click on PLUS SIGN (+). New Firewall Rule window will appear. From General tab, choose input from Chain drop down menu, choose udp from Protocol drop down menu, Put Dst. Port 53 and choose ether1 from In. Interface drop down menu. Now click on Action tab and choose drop from Action drop menu and then click Apply and OK button. You must create another similar rule for TCP connection. For this, click on PLUS SIGN (+) again and choose tcp from Protocol drop down menu, Put Dst. Port 53 and choose ether1 from In. Interface drop down menu and then click on Action tab and choose drop from Action drop menu and click Apply and OK button. Now your MikroTik DNS server is safe from outside of your LAN.




DNS Configuration in MikroTik Router
DNS Configuration in MikroTik Router




DNS configuration in your MikroTik Router has been completed. Now your MikroTik Router is able to resolve DNS request for the LAN user as well as itself.




MikroTik Router is now completely ready if you follow the above 4 steps properly. Connect a switch to MikroTik LAN interface with RJ45 cable and connect all PCs to this switch. Also connect ISP cable to WAN interface. Now assign IP to all your LAN PC according to your LAN IP network series. If you face any problem to set IP address in windows PC, follow my another article about how to assign static IP address in windows operating system which will guide you the proper way to assign IP address in any windows PC. Now browse any website or ping google.com from your LAN PC. If your ISP is OK, you will now be able to browse any website successfully.




You should follow the above 4 steps so carefully to configure your new MikroTik Router successfully. If you miss any step, your configuration will be wrong and your LAN users will not be able to access internet through MikroTik Router. If you face any confusion to do the above 4 steps, watch the following video tutorial on MikroTik Router Basic Configuration using Winbox. I hope, it will help you enough to configure new MikroTik Router.