Мы рассмотрим некоторые полезные команды, которые могут помочь вам извлечь информацию о вашей системе Linux и “железе”. Необходимо знать аппаратные и программные компоненты вашей ОС, это может помочь решить проблемамы совместимости, когда дело доходит до установки пакетов и драйверов.
1. lscpu – информация о процессоре
$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 4Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6Model: 23
Stepping: 10CPU MHz: 1998.000
BogoMIPS: 5302.48
Virtualization: VT-xL1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32KL2 cache: 2048K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
2. lshw – информация о железе
$ sudo lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description=================================================== system ()/0 bus DG35EC/0/0 processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz/0/0/1 memory 2MiB L2 cache/0/0/3 memory 32KiB L1 cache/0/2 memory 32KiB L1 cache/0/4 memory 64KiB BIOS/0/14 memory 8GiB System Memory/0/14/0 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)/0/14/1 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)/0/14/2 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)/0/14/3 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)/0/100 bridge 82G35 Express DRAM Controller/0/100/2 display 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller/0/100/2.1 display 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller/0/100/19 eth0 network 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection/0/100/1a bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4/0/100/1a.1 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5/0/100/1a.7 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2/0/100/1b multimedia 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller/0/100/1c bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1/0/100/1c.1 bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 2/0/100/1c.2 bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 3/0/100/1c.2/0 storage JMB368 IDE controller/0/100/1d bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1/0/100/1d.1 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2/0/100/1d.2 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3/0/100/1d.7 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1/0/100/1e bridge 82801 PCI Bridge/0/100/1e/5 bus FW322/323 [TrueFire] 1394a Controller/0/100/1f bridge 82801HB/HR (ICH8/R) LPC Interface Controller/0/100/1f.2 storage 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode]/0/100/1f.3 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller/0/100/1f.5 storage 82801HR/HO/HH (ICH8R/DO/DH) 2 port SATA Controller [IDE m/0/1 scsi3 storage /0/1/0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 500GB ST3500418AS/0/1/0.0.0/1 /dev/sda1 volume 70GiB Windows NTFS volume/0/1/0.0.0/2 /dev/sda2 volume 395GiB Extended partition/0/1/0.0.0/2/5 /dev/sda5 volume 97GiB HPFS/NTFS partition/0/1/0.0.0/2/6 /dev/sda6 volume 97GiB Linux filesystem partition/0/1/0.0.0/2/7 /dev/sda7 volume 1952MiB Linux swap / Solaris partition/0/1/0.0.0/2/8 /dev/sda8 volume 198GiB Linux filesystem partition/0/3 scsi4 storage /0/3/0.0.0 /dev/cdrom disk DVD RW DRU-190A
3. hwinfo – еще один вариант просмотра информации о железе
$ hwinfo —short
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2000 MHz Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2000 MHz Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2666 MHz Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2666 MHzkeyboard: /dev/input/event2 AT Translated Set 2 keyboardmouse: /dev/input/mice Microsoft Basic Optical Mouse v2.0graphics card: Intel 965G-1 Intel 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controllersound: Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controllerstorage: Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA IDE Controller Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) 2 port SATA IDE Controller JMicron JMB368 IDE controllernetwork: eth0 Intel 82566DC Gigabit Network Connectionnetwork interface: eth0 Ethernet network interface lo Loopback network interfacedisk: /dev/sda ST3500418ASpartition: /dev/sda1 Partition /dev/sda2 Partition /dev/sda5 Partition /dev/sda6 Partition /dev/sda7 Partition /dev/sda8 Partitioncdrom: /dev/sr0 SONY DVD RW DRU-190Ausb controller: Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1bios: BIOS… TRUNCATED …
4. lspci – информация о PCI устройствах
$ lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express DRAM Controller (rev 03)00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection (rev 02)00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02)00:1a.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 (rev 02)00:1a.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 02)00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 02)00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 2 (rev 02)00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 3 (rev 02)00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)00:1d.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)00:1d.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02)00:1d.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev f2)00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801HB/HR (ICH8/R) LPC Interface Controller (rev 02)00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 02)00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 02)00:1f.5 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801HR/HO/HH (ICH8R/DO/DH) 2 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 02)03:00.0 IDE interface: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB368 IDE controller04:05.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): LSI Corporation FW322/323 [TrueFire] 1394a Controller (rev 70)
Можно найти определенную информацию по устройству с помощью grep.
$ lspci -v | grep «VGA» -A 12
5. lsscsi – список scsi/sata устройств
$ lsscsi
[3:0:0:0] disk ATA ST3500418AS CC38 /dev/sda
[4:0:0:0] cd/dvd SONY DVD RW DRU-190A 1.63 /dev/sr0
6. lsusb – список usb устройств
$ lsusb
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 005 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
7. Inxi – это 10.000 строк bash скрипта, который выводит информацию о железе, системе и т.д.
$ inxi -Fx
8. lsblk – список блочных устройств
$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 70G 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 97.7G 0 part /media/4668484A68483B47
├─sda6 8:6 0 97.7G 0 part /
├─sda7 8:7 0 1.9G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda8 8:8 0 198.5G 0 part /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
9. df – свободное пространство на дисках
$ df -H
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 104G 26G 73G 26% /
none 4.1k 0 4.1k 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
udev 4.2G 4.1k 4.2G 1% /devtmpfs 837M 1.6M 835M 1% /run
none 5.3M 0 5.3M 0% /run/lock
none 4.2G 13M 4.2G 1% /run/shmnone 105M 21k 105M 1% /run/user
/dev/sda8 210G 149G 51G 75% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
/dev/sda5 105G 31G 75G 30% /media/4668484A68483B47
10. Pydf – Python df
Типа улучшенная версия df на питоне.
$ pydf
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 96G 23G 68G 24.4 [#…..] /
/dev/sda8 195G 138G 47G 70.6 [####..] /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
/dev/sda5 98G 28G 69G 29.2 [##….] /media/4668484A68483B47
11. fdisk – сведения о партициях
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x30093008 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 146801969 73400953+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 146802031 976771071 414984520+ f W95 Ext’d (LBA)
/dev/sda5 146802033 351614654 102406311 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 351614718 556427339 102406311 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 556429312 560427007 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda8 560429056 976771071 208171008 83 Linux
12. mount – примонтированные файловые системы
$ mount | column -t
/dev/sda6 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro)proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw)none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw)none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw)udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620)tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755)none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880)none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755)none on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw)/dev/sda8 on /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,errors=remount-ro)/dev/sda5 on /media/4668484A68483B47 type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096)binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)systemd on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,none,name=systemd)gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=enlightened)
Снова вариант с grep
$ mount | column -t | grep ext
13. free – информация о ОЗУ и файле подкачки
$ free -m total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 7975 5865 2110 0 24 622-/+ buffers/cache: 5218 2757
Swap: 1951 921 1030
14. dmidecode – разнообразная информация о железе
# display information about the processor/cpu
$ sudo dmidecode -t processor
# memory/ram information
$ sudo dmidecode -t memory
# bios details
$ sudo dmidecode -t bios
15. /proc files – множество файлов с разнообразной информацие о железе и системе
CPU/Memory
# cpu information
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
# memory information
$ cat /proc/meminfo
Linux/kernel
$ cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.11.0-12-generic (buildd@allspice) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu7) ) #19-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 9 16:20:46 UTC 2013
SCSI/SATA
$ cat /proc/scsi
/scsi Attached devices:Host: scsi3 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: ATA Model: ST3500418AS Rev: CC38 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05Host: scsi4 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: SONY Model: DVD RW DRU-190A Rev: 1.63 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 05
Partitions
$ cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name 8 0 488386584 sda 8 1 73400953 sda1 8 2 1 sda2 8 5 102406311 sda5 8 6 102406311 sda6 8 7 1998848 sda7 8 8 208171008 sda8 11 0 1048575 sr0
16. hdparm – вся информация о sata устройствах
$ sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda
/dev/sda: Model=ST3500418AS, FwRev=CC38, SerialNo=9VMJXV1N Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec Fixed DTR>10Mbs RotSpdTol>.5% } RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4 BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=16384kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=16 CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=976773168 IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120} PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled Drive conforms to: unknown: ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7 * signifies the current active mode